Spectral domain (A) and enhanced depth imaging (B) optical coherence tomography scans with main retinal and choroidal histology landmarks from a healthy subject. The normal vitreous gel is not visible in color OCT imaging because it is optically transparent and it seems black color (Figure 1). The low reflectivity signals represented by black and blue colors belong to the nuclear layers. In a normal colored spectral domain OCT scan, the high reflectivity signals represented by yellow and red colors, come from the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), plexiform layers, internal limiting membrane (ILM), junction between inner and outer segments of photoreceptors (IS/OS), RPE and choriocapillaris complex. Normal OCT findings and histological landmarks The aim of this study is to present new pathological or abnormal findings in SDOCT and to emphasize the causes of these. Currently, due to the developments in OCT technology and the frequent use of OCT in ophthalmology, currently, some new OCT findings have been reported day after day. These common OCT findings are well known. OCT can reveal ERM, choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM), fibrovascular lesion, fibrotic scar, hard exudate, nerve fiber infarct and macular or optic disk drusen, intraretinal or subretinal fluid and cystoid cavities. It provides detailed information for the evaluation of drusen, intraretinal/subretinal hemorrhage or fluid and detachment of retina pigment epithelium (RPE) or retina. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a very useful non-invasive imaging method which is used in the diagnosis and follow-up of diseases involving the macula, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic maculopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), epiretinal membrane (ERM), various macular dystrophies/maculopathies and macular hole, etc. Optical coherence tomography, new findings, signs, macular diseases, prognosis, disruption, external limiting membrane, ellipsoid zone, interdigitation zone Introduction These might be important indicators for prognosis and response in various macular diseases. Newly, current OCT findings and signs include outer retinal tubulation, hyperreflective dots/spots, flyer saucer, perifoveal cupping, focal choroidal excavation, dipping sign, choroidal macrovessel, pearl necklace sign, cystoid foveal degeneration, outer retina-choroid complex splitting, foveal pseudocyst, dome-shaped macula and brush border pattern. It has been considered that the disruptions of these outer retinal layers or zones are highly correlate with lower visual acuity in various retinal diseases. Photoreceptor disruption detected with OCT might be demonstrated the loss of integrity or absence of external limiting membrane, ellipsoid zone and interdigitation zone. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a useful non-invasive imaging method which is used in the diagnosis and follow-up of various macular diseases.
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